Caracterização das fontes de água e da geração de efluentes em uma Instituição Federal de Ensino Tecnológico

Abstract

Fresh water found in nature is essential for the life of our planet. However, this source has become scarce, mainly due to waste, and springs contamination generated by the launching of domestic sewage in natura. Many residential, public and business buildings search alternative sources of water and effective treatment for its effluents so as to decrease the use and the contamination of waters. This study was performed at the Instituto Federal Sul-Rio- Grandense , campus Passo Fundo, where the use of undrinkable water sources and the generation of effluents were analyzed. The study had as its aims to evaluate the quantity and quality of those waters, to determine the types of generated effluents, and to analyze their quality before and after the treatment. It was a case study, which was divided in steps: the first one included the raising of data in the field, the diagnostic of the use of undrinkable sources of water and of the effluents treatment systems. The intermediate steps correspond to the verification of the potential economy of fresh water related to the use of undrinkable waters, and a proposal of an effective system of effluents treatment. The last step was an evaluation of the environmental impact generated from the use of undrinkable water and the treatment of effluents which were generated inside Passo Fundo campus. After the research, a single source of undrinkable water was found, which is the collection and storage of rain water. This rain water is used in the restrooms for flushing the toilets and urinals. It corresponds to 34% of the total consumption of water in the campus. All the buildings have an anaerobic sewage treatment made of a septic tank, an anaerobic filter and a sewer. In these systems, domestic sewage is treated essentially, as it comes from restrooms and kitchens. When the analysis of the systems for sewage treatment was made, it was observed that the effluent does not attend most of the admissible standards for the launching in recipient bodies, prescribed by the resolutions CONAMA n. 430/2011 and CONSEMA 128/2011. Based in bibliographical research and in the characteristics of the generated sewage, the following was proposed for the campus: the replacement of the current system of sewage treatment for a single compact station of sewage treatment, made of a UASB reactor followed by a Submerged Aerial Filter and a post-treatment with chlorination to remove pathogenic. Related to the impact analysis, the collection and use of rain water is relevant, because besides decreasing the consumption of fresh water, it contributes to the future of hydric sustainability.